However, the side effects and financial burden of these treatments limit their clinical application. Furthermore, physical treatments such as chemical peels and low-fluence Q-switched neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser (QSNY) need multiple courses over several months. Some topical agents, such as hydroquinone, are limited by complications including irritant dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, nail bleaching, and exogenous ochronosis. However, melasma is often difficult to treat and can be psychosocially detrimental to many patients. Moreover, various subsequent treatments of melasma include hypopigmenting agents, chemical peels, lasers, and dermabrasion. Because both UV and visible light can induce pigmentation, the therapy usually starts with the protection of UV sun, and topical lightening formulation. The treatments for melasma are generally aimed at inhibiting the pathways that synthesize melanin and decrease of melanosome transfer from melanocyte to keratinocytes. All these diverse factors trigger the increased synthesis of melanosomes in melanocytes and increased transfer of melanosomes to keratinocytes. Furthermore, there appears to be a genetic predisposition of melasma. Many factors are linked with the development of melasma, including UV radiation, pregnancy, hormonal activity, thyroid abnormalities, and medications. The prevalence of melasma reported in recent studies ranges from 8.8% to 40% based on ethnic makeup of the population.
Melasma emulsion skin#
Melasma, also referred to as chloasma, is a common acquired condition of pigmentary disorder marked by irregular hyperpigmented macules or patches and most commonly occurs in females with dark skin types living in areas of intense ultraviolet (UV) light exposure.
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